Conflict in Organization

CONFLICT MANAGEMENT Conflict management refers on the way how we approach the other party in a conflict situation. There are main structural approaches such as emphasizing superordinate goals, reducing differentiation, improving communication and understanding, reducing task independence, increasing resources, and clarifying rules and procedures. Emphasizing Supeordinate Goals The first way to resolve the conflict is to seek and find the common goals. The emphasizing superordinate goals are common objectives held by conflicting parties that are more important than the department or individual goals on which the conflict is based.If the commitments to corporate wide goals increase, the employees will pay less attention to competing individual or departmental-level goals. So, it reduces their perceived conflict with co-workers. Besides that, they also can reduce the problem of incompatibility and differentiation by establishing a common frame of reference. For example, the most effecti ve executive teams frame their decision as superordinate goals that arise above each executive’s departmental or divisional goals. Reducing DifferentiationBesides that, another way for resolving conflict is to remove the sources of different values and beliefs that produce the conflict in the first place. When the employees think they have same backgrounds or experience with other workers, they will be more motivated to coordinate their activities and resolve the conflict. For example, move the employees to different jobs so that they come to depend on each others. Improving Communication and Understanding The third way to minimize the conflict involves by giving the conflict parties more opportunities to communicate and understand each other. By aving the good communication, the employees can understand and appreciate each other’s views and opinions. It relates to contact hypothesis which is the more meaningful interaction we have with someone, the less we rely on ste reotypes to understand that person. There are two warnings. First, apply communication or understanding after reducing differentiation. For example, when we interact with people who are quite different and have conflict with us, we tend to select information that reinforces that view. So, communication and understanding interventions are most effective when differentiation is sufficiently low.Second, people in collectivist and high power distance cultures are less comfortable with the practice of resolving differences through open communication. People in Confucian cultures prefer an avoidance conflict management style since it is consistent with face saving and harmony. Furthermore, direct communication is high-risk because it threatens the harmony easily. Reducing Interdependence Another way to minimize dysfunctional conflict may involve reducing the level of interdependence between the parties. It can occur by dividing the shared sources so that each party has exclusive use part of it in different times.Sequentially, interdependence task may be combined so that they can form a pooled or shared interdependence. Furthermore, buffers also can help to reduce the interdependence level among people. It includes resources such as more inventories could be added between people who perform sequential tasks. The organizations use human buffers as people who serve as intermediaries between interdependent people or work units that do not get along through direct interaction. Increasing Resources The dysfunctional conflict also can be reduced by increasing the amount of resource available.It also refers by duplicating the resources so that can minimize the conflict. Corporate decision makers might dismiss this solution quickly because of the costs involved. Nevertheless, these costs with the costs of dysfunctional conflict that arise out of resource scarcity must be compared carefully. Clarifying Rules and Procedures Conflicts that arise from unclear and ambiguous can b e resolved through establishing rules and procedures. This strategy has been applied by Armstrong World Industries, Inc. , when consultants and information system employees clashed while working together on development of a client-server network.Moreover, the rules establish the changes of interdependence. For example, employee’s work hours or a supplier’s order fulfillment. RESOLVING CONFLICT THROUGH NEGOTIATION Negotiation is the process whereby two or more conflicting parties attempt to resolve their divergent goals by redefining the terms of their interdependence. In the other meaning, people negotiate when discussion can meet satisfaction and resolution in their exchange of goods and services. For example, the employees negotiate with supervisors over next month’s work assignment. Bargaining Zone Model of NegotiationsBargaining zone means the process of negotiation moves each party along a continuum an area of potential overlap. It can be applied to situati ons in which both sides potentially gain from the negotiations. There are three main points of this model. First, the initial-offer point is the team’s opening offer to the other party. Second, the target point is the team’s realistic goal or expectation for a final agreement. Third, the resistance point is the point beyond which the team will not make further concessions. Negotiation begins with describing the initial-offer point for each item on the plan.Besides that, in the win-lose situations, neither the target nor resistance point is revealed to the other party. If the parties have a win-win situation, the objective is to find a creative solution that keeps both parties close to their initial-offer points. Situational Influences on Negotiations Both the situation and the behaviors of negotiators are the effectiveness of negotiating. There are four important situational factors such as location, physical setting, time and audience. First, location is easier to neg otiate as we are common with the negotiating environment and are able to maintain comfortable routines.It is also no need to depend on others for resources during negotiation. Second, the physical distance between the parties and formality of the setting can influence their orientation with each other. Sometimes, people who sit face-to-face tend to develop a win-lose orientation toward the situation. Third, the longer time in negotiations can lead to stronger commitment in reaching a solution. For example, the more time people put in negotiation, the stronger the tendency to make unwarranted concessions. So that, the negotiation is going to be succeed.Time deadlines are a liability in negotiation which it is useful to motivate people to complete it. Lastly, most negotiators have the audiences. They can be anyone that is interested in the negotiation outcomes. For examples are executives, other team members, or general public. The negotiators tend to be more competitive and less will ing to make concessions when the audience has the direct observation towards the proceedings. Negotiator Skills The negotiator skills are important in resolving conflict arise. Four of most important skills are setting goals, gathering information, communicating effectively, and making concessions.Firstly, negotiators should prepare for the negotiation and set goals. They also should think carefully through their initial-offer, target and resistance points. If the negotiation fails, they need to consider alternative strategies. Besides that, they need to check their underlying assumptions as well as goods and values. Secondly, in order to gather the information, negotiators should spend more time listening to the other party and asking the details. Thirdly, effective negotiators communicate in a way to maintain strong relationships between parties. They also will avoid irritating statements.Furthermore, they are masters of persuasion so that it is accepted by others. Lastly, making concessions are important because they enable the parties to move toward the area of potential agreement, symbolize each party’s motivation to bargain in good faith, and tell others about the importance of negotiating items. THIRD-PARTY CONFLICT RESOLUTION Third-party conflict resolution is any attempt by a relatively neutral person to help the parties resolve their differences. Procedural fairness is important when the third party makes a binding decision to resolve the dispute.There are three types of third-party resolution activities, which are arbitration, inquisition, and mediation. Arbitration is the final stage of grievances by unionized employees, and is becoming more common in nonunion conflicts. The arbitrators have high control over the final decision but low control over process. They will decide the outcome of a dispute between two parties. Besides that, executives engage in this strategy by following previous agreed-on-rules of due process, making a binding deci sion and listening to arguments from the dispute parties.Inquisitors control all discussion about the conflict and choose the form of conflict resolution. They have high decision control and high process control. They generally the conflict resolution process and enforce a resolution that they perceive to be the most appropriate. There are important ways to limit the collaborative problem solving process. First, they generally operate on assumptions of the problem and the relevant information in solving the problem. Second, they limit the information that they gather to the information they specifically request from disputants. As a result, inquisitors make quick decisions to resolve conflicts.Mediators have high control over the intervention process. Their main purpose is to manage the process and context of interaction between the dispute parties. However, the parties make the final decision about how to resolve their differences. So, mediators have little or no control over the c onflict resolution decision. There are several things mediators need to do to increase the likelihood of successful mediation such as suggest alternatives, prepare to invest time and effort, and insist on a detailed action plan. On the other hand, the mediation is hard work and time consuming. CHOOSING THE BEST THIRD-PARTY INTERVENTION STRATEGYResearch suggests that people in positions of authority usually adopt an inquisitional approach which is they dominate the intervention process as making a binding decision. The inquisition approach is preferred by manager because it is consistent with the decision-oriented nature of managerial jobs, tends to resolve the disputes efficiently, and gives them control over the conflict process and outcome. Conversely, this approach is usually least effective in organizational settings. The problem is leaders who take in an inquisitional role be likely to collect the limited information about the problem.Besides that, the employees often view inqu isitional procedures and outcomes as unfair. The most appropriate of third-party resolution in organizations depends on the situation such as the type of disputes, the culture values and the relationship between the managers and employees. However in general speaking, the mediation approach is the best because it gives employees more responsibility for resolving their own disputes. It also offers the highest level of employee satisfaction with the conflict process and outcome. References http://www. wright. edu/~scott. williams/LeaderLetter/mediation. htm

7 Days of Prayers for the Souls in Purgatory Essay

PREPARATORY PRAYER My Jesus, by the sorrows You suffered in Your agony in the Garden, in Your scourging and crowning with thorns, in Your journey to Calvary, in Your crucifixion and death, have mercy on the souls in purgatory, and especially on those that are most forsaken; deliver them from the torments they endure; call them and admit them to Your most sweet embrace in paradise, where You live with the Father and the Holy Spirit, one God, for ever and ever. Amen See more: Homeless satire essay Prayers from The Raccolta (Here say the prayer for the day) 0ur Father Our Father in Heaven, Your Kingdom come; Your will be done on earth, as it is in Heaven. Give us this day our daily bread; and forgive us our sins, as we forgive those who sin against us; and lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. Amen. Hail Mary Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with you; blessed are you among women; and blessed is the fruit of your womb, Jesus. Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us, sinners, now and at the hour of our death. Amen. Eternal Rest Eternal rest, grant unto them, O Lord; and let perpetual light shine upon them. May they rest in peace. Amen. Concluding Prayer Merciful Father, hear our prayers and console us. As we renew our faith in Your Son, whom You raised from the dead, strengthen our hope that all our departed brothers and sisters will share in His resurrection, who lives and reigns with You and the Holy Spirit, one God, for ever and ever. Amen. SUNDAY O Lord God omnipotent, I beseech You by the Precious Blood, which Your divine Son Jesus shed in the Garden, deliver the souls in purgatory, and especially that one which is the most forsaken of all, and bring it into Your glory, where it may praise and bless You forever. Amen. Our Father, Hail Mary, Eternal rest, etc. MONDAY O Lord God omnipotent, I beseech You by the Precious Blood, which Your divine Son Jesus shed in His cruel scourging, deliver the souls in purgatory, and among them all, especially that soul which is nearest to its entrance into Your glory, that it may soon begin to praise You and bless You forever. Amen. Our Father, Hail Mary, Eternal rest, etc. TUESDAY O Lord God omnipotent, I beseech You by the Precious Blood of Your divine Son Jesus that was shed in His bitter crowning with thorns, deliver the souls in purgatory, and among them all, particularly that soul which is in the greatest need of our prayers, in order that it may not long be delayed in praising You in Your glory and blessing You forever. Amen. Our Father, Hail Mary, Eternal rest, etc. WEDNESDAY O Lord God omnipotent, I beseech You by the Precious Blood of Your divine Son Jesus that was shed in the streets of Jerusalem while He carried on His sacred shoulders the heavy burden of the Cross, deliver the souls in purgatory and especially that one which is richest in merits in Your sight, so that, having soon attained the high place in glory to which it is destined, it may praise You triumphantly and bless You forever. Amen. Our Father, Hail Mary, Eternal rest, etc. THURSDAY O Lord God omnipotent, I beseech You by the Precious Body and Blood of Your divine Son Jesus, which He Himself on the night before His Passion gave as meat and drink to His beloved Apostles and bequeathed to His Holy Church to be the perpetual Sacrifice and life-giving nourishment of His faithful people, deliver the souls in purgatory, but most of all, that soul which was most devoted to this Mystery of infinite love, in order that it may praise You therefore, together with Your divine Son and the Holy Spirit in Your glory forever. Amen. Our Father, Hail Mary, Eternal rest, etc. FRIDAY O Lord God omnipotent, I beseech You by the Precious Blood which Jesus Your divine Son did shed this day upon the tree of the Cross, especially from His sacred Hands and Feet, deliver the souls in purgatory, and particularly that soul for whom I am most bound to pray, in order that I may not be the cause which hinders You from admitting it quickly to the possession of Your glory where it may praise You and bless You for evermore. Amen. Our Father, Hail Mary, Eternal rest, etc. SATURDAY O Lord God omnipotent, I beseech You by the Precious Blood which gushed forth from the sacred Side of Your divine Son Jesus in the presence and to the great sorrow of His most holy Mother, deliver the souls in purgatory and among them all especially that soul which has been most devout to this noble Lady, that it may come quickly into Your glory, there to praise You in her, and her in You through all the ages. Amen. Our Father, Hail Mary, Eternal rest, etc.

Xolair Literature Review Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Xolair Literature Review - Dissertation Example The intensity, chemical properties, action mechanisms, and associated with omalizumab are all pre-generalized; however, they are controlled at the time of its manufacturing when done under the label of Xolair, and involve few specific dimensions to be identified. Further, understanding its production procedure in the raw-to-commercial forms contributes greatly towards building a theoretical relationship between its positive and negative impacts (â€Å"Xolair Fact Sheet†, 2011). Therefore, this review initiates by opening a succinct discussion regarding its origins and chemical features, which is followed by a detailed description of its production, purification, and commercialization phases. After this, some pros and cons associated with the drug are discussed, along with some secondary clinical trials that shed light on its efficacy in different age groups and dosage formulations. In the final sections of this review, a brief list of general precautions and pre-defined pharma cokinetic properties are also added to not to leave some important aspects untouched. Therefore, the reader of this review is suggested to make a close reading in order to explore relationship between different dimensions of Xolair. ... es a bond with receptors of patient’s cellular membrane and as a reaction produce inflammatory mediators from within (â€Å"Scientific Discussion-Zolair†, n.d.). In this type of reaction, an anti-lgE is supposed to restrict the creation of bond between lgE and cell membrane receptors, in order to reduce the release of inflammatory mediators (Miller et al., 2008). It happened in 1987 at Houston, Texas, that scientists of a local pharmaceutical firm (Tenox) carefully studied the phenomenon of asthma prevalence, and came up with a laboratory prototype of an anti-lgE, which until the year 1991 was unable to get international exposure. However, in the late 1990’s, controlled clinical trials were conducted over patients with mild and severe paediatric and allergic rhinitis by the collaboration of different international pharmaceutical firms, and from the year 1996, omalizumab was made available publicly under the trade name of Xolair by different pharmaceutical firms a s one of the most effective allergic asthma treatment drug, referred commonly as anti-lgE. However, despite several clinical trials and experiments over the commercial product of Xolair (and its composing omalizumab), there are still researches and developments which are being conducted in order to verify all the observable effects in different cases of asthma (â€Å"Tanox, Inc. – 2010 Company Profile†, 2010). 3. Drug Description: Xolair (or omalizumab) can be terminologically described as a monoclonal anti-body derived from recombinant chromosome (based over lG1k) which impasses particularly to mammal immunoglobulin E (or lgE). Further, its pharmacodynamics reveals that it constrains the association of lgE with cellular membrane receptors (specifically FC3Rl) over the surface of mast cells and basophils

Management & Health Information Systems Assignment

Management & Health Information Systems - Assignment Example This study would therefore, like to use a system that utilizes reporting programs to view trends of patients under patient care. This is to be adopted as a Clinical Data Repository (CDR) project with clear objectives and deliverables. 1. Project scope: This report will study clinical components that will constitute an integrated Clinical Data Repository (CDR) which will allow the elements to be fed into it ultimately allowing family physicians and doctors to view holistically the attributes of a patient while enhancing the quality of healthcare given to patients. Family members will be able to qualify for incentives like bonuses and patient oriented medical home rewarding programs. There is a principle engine that comprises a mix of elements to guarantee a clinical decision. This project will involve creating a secure Clinical Data Repository that is able to provide data of patients under authorized access. The objectives of this project will be: i) Assess how family physicians will maximize their professional quality care given to patients ii) Examine how family members will benefit from the bonuses and reward systems facilitated by CDR project. iii) Explore the strategies of bringing on board a more secure clinical data repository. Outputs of the project will prioritize the needs of both physicians and patients, creating a patient-doctor relationship. This project will cost $ 23,000 to meet personnel and technical costs with International Health Research Institute (IHRI) being the key sponsor. It is expected to be done 14 months to cover 9 tasks. Tasks will include data collection, system design, implementation, tests and project go live. Time implications and focus will be on how the outcomes of the feasibility studies have on planning and implementation of the project. The progress of the project will be communicated by the project manager at regular basis. This project is expected to commence on 30 June 2012 The report will also be issued at completion of the project August 2013. Project duration: 14 months 2. Project outlines business case - purpose & rationale: Health institutions continue to experience delays in receiving payer contracts because of the indecisiveness brought by irregular procedures and managerial bureaucracies. The CDR project will allow for maximization of health informatics expertise through quick report generation, easy collection of benchmark data and data ownership. Electronic health records are crucial in hospital administration but owing to insufficiency of tools to perform such tasks, family physicians have been at the receiving end. Analysis from feasibility studies has shown that existing patients’ data reporting programs are weak and bureaucratic. Aligning this function will bring more benefits to both physician and patients during treatment and claims from health insurers. Process claims will be done quickly and pay-for-performance incentives will be due on time. The benefits can be tabulated as below. 3. Options for project delivery: During the phase of project implementation, information system designers can use different ways to execute their work. Conventional methods used in the IT industry today are being challenged by clients and consultants in an attempt to reduce time wastage, limit

Plan 9 from Outer Space Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Plan 9 from Outer Space - Essay Example However, the designer displays his bad taste in costumes with regards to the Eros (the alien being) and his accomplice Tanna, who both very obviously human were dressed in really shiny clothings that resembled nightsuits. Any form of realism was killed by their overly shiny night gowns and comical guns. The other characters were better off such as the dead wife of Bela Lugosi who resurfaces as the Vampire girl. She is slightly more believable with her black Adam’s family inspired gown, jetblack hair and scary long finger nails. Inspector Clay, who becomes her victim, is dressed up in a sharp detective suit which together with her hat makes for a decent get up. However, his acting could not have been more dreadful. The Army Colonel Edwards is also appropriately dressed in detective’s clothes. Set Design The set was very obviously bargain central. There is very little variety in scenery and the most used background is the cemetary, which is kept so simple it is obvious th e director was very short on cash. The movie opens with the cemetary where the Vampire girl is buried and most of it keeps resurfacing there. It is shot from only one angle with what seems like a fixed frame. The set barely has any room for movement. Jeff Trent’s house, which is next to the cemetary is no more realistic. It is the middle of summer but the couple chooses to keep the windows closed at night just to prevent any wandering breeze from flowing in and cooling them down. The worst part is how they presented the space ships. The presence of space ships was a central concept in the movie and the fact that a kind of tin material was used to present them makes it very humourous. The moments where the aliens fly by in their saucers is supposed to be scary, but it is hard to be scared when all you see are wheelcaps waivering in the sky. The cockpit where Jeff shoots his airplane scenes is also victim to cheap design. There is what seems like a shower separator which is the link between the cockpit and the rest of the aircraft. The waitress often comes through it as if she has no restrictions between the curtain and the supposed passengers sitting behind. Not to mention the inside of the alien saucer where only a few wooden tables and dials represent the inside of a very high-tech machine capable of travelling to earth from a different planet. Dialogue The dialogue is very comical. It makes the movie very odd and does not help the flow at all. While the mourning of Vampire girl in the opening of the movie, along with the supposedly ‘scary’ moments where Jeff and his wife experience the alien saucer were somewhat passable, they get specially hard to follow during the rest of the movie. The really unreal dialogues come in when Jeff and the team of alien hunters enter Eros’ spaceship where Eros, in a moment of anger and pity, explains, â€Å"All of you Earth are idiots†. The exchange of dialogue that follows pretty much reduces the movie to a comic strip. Eros explanation of the human race does not present any depth to the movie the director must have hoped for. Instead, when Eros says things like solarmanite â€Å"causes sunlight to explode,† it is hard to control your laughter. Of course, Criswell presented the intro and the outro to the movie and his presentation is worth mentioning. It is hard to ignore his poise when delivering his speech, â€Å"My friends, we cannot keep this a secret any longer, let us punish the guilty, let us reward the innocent.† To describe it as a cliche would not be justified. His straight face may be funny but he delivered it with conviction. Criswell’s dialogues should be given credit. Special Effects The effects could not have been anything greater given the budget the

National Strategy for Counter-terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

National Strategy for Counter-terrorism - Essay Example The (FID) foreign internal defense are terms used in programs that are meant to either reduce or suppress the favorable conditions that would promote the insurgent conditions, in this overview the response and detection of potential acts or threats describe the principals of counter-terrorism. This paper argues that the overarching goals articulated in the National Strategy for Counterterrorism increase U.S. military involvement in the types of small wars. Small wars from the view of many theorists can be described as strife between irregular and regular forces, this definition extends even to the encompass regular troops in different event or cases that demand their presences and responses like in variable context like in roles of national interest ,politics or culture. If the so-called small wars are analyzed from the political perspective, it is evident that the opponents whenever decide to stand their ground rarely succeed in direct pitched battles. As opposed to traditional rebe llious tribesmen, the modern arenas of warfare record some irregularities in their adversaries. As compared to the past, the sole means was through psychological and political warfare. In this general understanding, success in small wars therefore must include effective means of undermining legitimacy of the adversaries. This means that small wars have to include strategies ranging from peacekeeping, response, small-combating units, and operational as means of survival (Caraccilo 3). The small wars information is a remarkable modern counterinsurgency, counterterrorism, peace operations and other irregular operations remarkable anticipation. In some cases like the argument passed by the United States on the Marines that best strategy was to separate and intervene between warring factions through their negotiations and eventually reach an amicable settlement that does not involve fighting. The best strategy in other situations was to impose order, intervene and create new governments. In the latter, instance the fact that the overarching aim in the interests aligned new polity with the U.S. Nevertheless, the marine asserted that the sole purpose should be on the protection of the citizens and people through the government. These strategies in relation to terrorism are driven by extreme ideologies that often have global implications and possible new realities. These ideologies and violence embracing from the divergent responsible groups can achieve a reach globally. This new reality’s impact is that there are diverse effects from the terrorist attacks on the country’s interest regardless of where there are issues or attacks occur (Ravndal 7). The National Strategy for Counter-terrorism articulate overarching goals of the countries involved, such as the U.S. military and its involvement in counter-terrorism strategies as described in article 8905. It shows that the effects of the small wars and the new realities brought in by terrorist attacks on the country. As such, the country is forced to constantly intervene in the interference. This causes drastic and negative effects since the contemporary conduct of the military activities that take place in contested social norms and legal terrains, the engagement of military forces in armed conflicts conventions, antiterrorism, counter-conspiracy, enforcement of peacekeeping, law enforcement or stability operations result to deaths and even destruction of property. Through this, there is a dense mixture of law through

Lasting Impression Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lasting Impression Company - Case Study Example pply for the installation of newer presses that would enable the company to meet its goals and also produce prints than the previous versions by the older presses. At the current moment, the company has considered the sale of the older presses in favor of acquiring newer versions. However, in this case, two versions of presses are available from which each, A and B, have differing output qualities. For example, press A is considered to be highly automated and selling at $830,000 with an installation fee of 40,000 while press B has a purchase price of $640,000 with an installation fee of 20,000 considering it is not as sophisticated as press A. Analytically, press A is of higher value than press B due to its capabilities in producing prints of higher quality. However, when considering its value after five years after purchase, it will have depreciated to less than 50% of the current purchase as it would be legible to trade at $400,000 which is $15,000 less than the 50% mark on its current value. When considering press B, its current value is $640,000 and will be valued at 330 after five years before taxes. Considering the current value and the future value, press B would be of higher value considering the current rate of depreciation. After depreciating to $330,000, press B would have depreciated by 48.4275% which is higher than the depreciation of press A of 51.8072%. When considering the initial investments, operating cash inflows, and terminal cash flows of each of these presses, press A has higher investment as it has a purchase price of $830,000 and an installation fee of $40,000 making its total investment $870,000. On the other hand, press B has a smaller investment budget as it trades at $640,000 and has an installation fee of $20,000 making its total investment $660,000. With reference to the operating cash inflows, press A seems to have a higher cash inflow considering it is in its best functionality for the five years before it is considered a candidate